Objective To investigate the status quo of the pest control operations (PCO) and service quality in Ningbo for promoting the quality and efficacy of vector control. Methods The annual accounting statements of PCO companies were examined, the expenditures on vector control on field and in township (county or street) randomly checked and the management of service quality evaluated. Results There were 40 enterprise members and 704 managers and operators in Ningbo PCO Association. The total business turnover was 33.33 million and 41.19 million Yuan in 2008 and 2009, respectively. Increase of business turnover in pharmaceutical and medical apparatus, specialized industries and general entities was observed in varying degrees. The number of townships (counties) adopting market-oriented operations increased by 20 with a turnover spike of 4.92 million Yuan. 98.40% of the annual statements were consistent with the actual flow and questionnaires showed a degree of satisfaction of 96.75%. The financial contribution of townships averaged 219 300 Yuan, slightly lower than the average funds as shown by the annual statements. In view of the service management system established and implemented in PCO companies, the inspection Results of organizations at all levels and the degree of satisfaction in the public, the vector control effect in this area was satisfying. Conclusion Thanks to the government’s advocate and support of marketized operation and effective service quality management, Ningbo PCO maintains a good momentum of growth.

Objective To determine the susceptibility of Culex pipiens pallens to commonly used insecticides in urban areas of Ningbo city, providing the basis for better administration of pesticidal agents. Methods LC₅₀ was calculated using the impregnation method. Results The resistance indices of Cx. pipiens pallens were between 2.00 to 5.09 times in regard to permethrin, deltamethrin and beta-cypermethrin, and up to 1.11 to 2.04 and 1.36 to 2.88 times against dichlorvos and propoxur, respectively. The resistance index of Baoshijie pesticide diffusing agents against the larvae was up to 1.28 times, and the resistance indices of Abate 1% granules against the larvae and pupae were 1.19 and 1.37 times, respectively; for Feibiao 5% insecticidal granules, these indices were 1.64 and 1.07 times, respectively. Conclusion Cx. pipiens pallens mosquitoes were lowly resistant to permethrin, deltamethrin and beta-cypermethrin, yet sensitive to dichlorvos and propoxur in urban areas of Ningbo city. Baoshijie pesticide diffusing agents, Abate 1% granules and Feibiao 5% insecticidal granules were effective in larval control, though the first two were not as powerful against pupae. Monitoring of resistance in mosquitoes should be further strengthened for scientific, proper application of pesticides in future.

Objective To compare the effectiveness of the labor-hour method and the light trap method to mosquitoes, providing the basis for development of scientific and standard mosquito monitoring. Methods The study was conducted in Ningbo, where adult mosquitoes were monitored using the light trap method on a monthly basis to identify the composition and seasonal dynamics of mosquitoes. The resulting data were compared with the monitoring results from 2006 through 2008 based on the labor hour method. Results According to the labor-hour monitoring results, Culex pipiens pallens was the predominant indoor species in the residential areas of the city from 2006 to 2008, accounting for 99.17% of total mosquitoes. Aedes albopictus, Anopheles sinensis and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus accounted for 0.49%, 0.20% and 0.13%, respectively. The light trap monitoring in residential areas showed that Cx. pipiens pallens accounted for 81.55% of the total number, while Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, An. sinensis and Ae. albopictus accounted for 13.43%, 2.31% and 1.97%, respectively. Conclusion Both kinds of approaches were useful in revealing the composition of predominant mosquito species in the region. Therefore, the light trap method, featuring ease of use and minimum man-made factors, is more suitable for long-term systematic monitoring.

Objective To analyze the feasibility of integrated monitoring of mosquitoes and mosquito?borne diseases, providing an integrated monitoring mode of vectors and the related diseases. Methods The integrated monitoring procedures for mosquitoes and mosquito?borne diseases were tested in two vector monitoring sites. Integrated monitoring was conducted in cities and counties under the collaboration of relevant institutions and personnel. The lamp trap method was used for adult mosquito integrated monitoring from June to October in 2009. Results An executive office was set up under the Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to deal with the overall coordination. Ningbo CDC completed the integrated monitoring of mosquito density, seasonal fluctuation and mosquito?borne diseases without external aid. Jiande CDC finished the field investigation of the above monitoring, and the laboratory specimen test was performed by the Zhejiang CDC. These accomplishments required extraordinary institutional coordination and a large number of personnel. In 2009, Ningbo reported 48 cases of malaria with an incidence rate of 0.73/105; one case of dengue fever with an incidence rate of 0.02/105; 18 cases of Japanese encephalitis (JE) with an incidence rate of 0.28/105; and 1 death with a mortality rate of 5.56%. Jiande reported no cases of malaria, dengue fever and JE. A total of 22 108 mosquitoes were captured in Ningbo, with a density of 9.60/h; and 945 were captured in Jiande, with a density of 4.92/h. Culex tritaeniorhynchus was the predominant species in Ningbo, accounting for more than 90%, followed by Cx. pipiens pallens, where as Aedes albopictus accounted for only 0.14%. In Jiande, Cx. pipiens pallens was predominant, followed by Anopheles sinensis; no Ae. albopictus was captured. Fluorescent PCR detection of 1973 Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in Ningbo showed two positive specimens for JE, with the minimum positive rate of 0.10%. Nested PCR detection of 225 Cx. pipiens pallens in Jiande resulted in negative for yellow virus. Conclusion The integrated monitoring of mosquitoes and mosquito?borne diseases is feasible. It is suggested to strengthen the research with regard to the integrated monitoring, early warning, control strategies and measures of mosquitoes and mosquito?borne diseases.

【Abstract】 Objective To know the seasonal change of mosquito in ningbo, and provided scientific basis for the mosquito control. Methods The landing biting method and light trap were used to the surveillance of mosquito, and mosquitoes breeding sites were inspected regularly. Results A total of 7495 mosquitoes were captured indoor during 2006-2008. Mosquito density index was 69.40/man·hour, and the ratio of male and female was 1∶1.54. Culex pipiens pallens accounted for 99.17%, and Aedes albopictus, Anopheles sinensis and Cx. tritaeniorhychus accounted for 0.49%, 0.20% and 0.13% respectively. The peak of adult occurred usually from June to July and October to November. As many as 7886 resting mosquitoes were captured indoor habitat and the ratio of male and female was 1∶1.83. Cx. pipiens accounted for 99.35%, Ae. albopictus, An. sinensis and Cx. tritaeniorhychus accounted for 0.33%, 0.18% and 0.14%, respectively. About 312 lamps were placed in the urban, and 11 881 adult mosquitoes were captured. The ratio of male and female ratio was 1.09∶1, the average density index was 3.17/lamp·hour. The density index in the park was the highest with the value of 6.27 , followed by residential areas(2.10) and hospital (1.16). Cx. pipiens pallens was the dominant specie, accounting for 90.60%, Cx. tritaeniorhychus, Ae. albopictus, An. sinensis, and other species mosquitoes accounted for 0.36%, 0.17%, 8.73%  and  0.14%  respectively.  The  peak  occurred usually from June to July. There were 71 lamps placed in the farmhouse, and 3078 adult mosquitoes were captured. The ratio of male and female was 4.76∶1. The average density index was 3.61/lamp·hour. Cx. tritaeniorhychus was the dominant specie, accounting for 73.91%, followed by Cx. pipiens pallens (20.47%), An. sinensis (3.54%), Ae. albopictus (1.23%) and other mosquitoes species (0.84%). The peak of density occurred usually from July to August. There were 23 912 larvae (pupa) collected, and the container index was 1992.67 mosquito/container. Ae. albopictus and Cx. pipiens pallens accounted for 75.17% and 24.42% respectively, and the other mosquitoes species accounted for 0.41%. The peak of density occurred usually from May to September. Conclusion The seasonal fluctuation of mosquitoes was obvious in Ningbo, and it should put the emphasis on the mosquito control to control mosquito-borne disease especially the management of mosquito breeding sites

Objective To investigate the epidemic situation of encephalitis B and vector mosquitoes, and to provide information for its prevention and control. Methods Collecting and analyze epidemic data. Using light trap, scooping larvae to investigate the density of mosquito. Results In 2006, 42 cases of encephalitis B had been diagnosed, 6 of them died. The density index of mosquito of the patient home and other different locations were 6.05 and 13.22 pieces per light per hour, respectively; Culex( Cx.) tritaeniorhychus were 71.44% and 76.01% respectively. At 26 investigated breeding fields surrounding, respectively the larva density index(LDI) was 12.04 individuals per scoop, while Culex pipiens pallens were 49.44%, Cx.tritaeniorhychus were 37.87% of the total number the larva positive rates of container and crock amassing rain were 54.31% and 30.22% respectively. Aedes albopictus were 66.67% and 49.66% respectively; Cx.tritaeniorhychus were 25.11% and 33.42% respectively; Cx.pipiens pallens were 8.22% and 13.62% respectively. Conclusion The main vector of encephalitis B, Cx.tritaeniorhychus is popular in Ningbo. More attention should be paid to accination and mosquito control in encephalitis B control in Ningbo.